Application: Measurement of individual layers and total thickness in multilayer plastic automobile fuel tanks.

Background: Many contemporary automobile fuel tanks are fabricated with a multilayer plastic construction, typically made of two structural layers of high density polyethylene (HDPE) surrounding a thin gas barrier layer made of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH). The purpose of the barrier layer is to prevent the slow leakage of gasoline vapor through the polyethylene wall. The HDPE structural layers are typically in the thickness range 0.1" to 0.2" (2.5 to 5 mm), and the EVOH barrier layer is typically 0.004" to 0.012" (0.1 to 0.3 mm). Tank manufacturers need to measure both the thickness and the depth of the barrier layer.

Equipment: The Model 25 MULTI PLUS ultrasonic thickness gage is recommended for measurement of individual layers and total part tank thickness in this application. The MULTI gage is capable of using separately programmed setups (including sound velocity, gain, and blanking settings) for each layer being measured to optimize performance. In this test, the gage is most often used with an M116-RM (20 MHz) contact transducer.

Typical Procedure: The waveforms below show measurements of structural and barrier layers in a typical automobile fuel tank. The MULTI's frequency-based barrier measurement mode is used to read the barrier layer whenever its thickness is less than approximately 0.010" (0.25 mm). Barrier depth is measured with a conventional Mode 1 setup, and the thickness of the inner polyethylene layer is measured in Mode 2. Thick barrier layers, greater than approximately 0.010" (0.25 mm) may also be measured in Mode 2. Note that because of low pass filtering effects in the outer polyethylene wall, the minimum measurable barrier thickness will usually be approximately 0.004" (0.100 mm).

The reflection ratio at the boundary between any two materials is determined by the relative acoustic impedances of those materials. Because virgin and regrind material have essentially identical acoustic impedances, it is not possible to separately measure regrind layers. Also, adhesive layers adjacent to barrier layers are generally too thin and/or too closely impedance matched to measure with ultrasonic techniques and cannot be resolved.


outer polyethylene layer


barrier layer (frequency domain measurement)


inner polyethylene layer

As with any ultrasonic thickness measurement, accuracy is dependent on proper sound velocity calibration. Velocity calibration must be performed for each material being measured, on samples of known thickness.

Products used for this application

25 Multi Plus
For multilayer measurements. This Panametrics-NDT gauge measures simultaneously up to 4 layers. Features large LCD with live Waveform and sophisticated alphanumeric data logger.